Artificial intelligence – Image Pixabay
(BRUSSELS) – The European Union approved the artificial intelligence act Tuesday, a ground-breaking law to harmonise rules on AI, the first of its kind in the world and looking to set a global standard for AI regulation.
The new law aims to foster the development and uptake of safe and trustworthy AI systems across the EU’s single market by both private and public actors.It also aims to ensure respect of fundamental rights of EU citizens and stimulate investment and innovation on artificial intelligence in Europe. The AI act applies only to areas within EU law and provides exemptions such as for systems used exclusively for military and defence as well as for research purposes.
“With the AI act, Europe emphasizes the importance of trust, transparency and accountability when dealing with new technologies while at the same time ensuring this fast-changing technology can flourish and boost European innovation,” said Belgian minister Mathieu Michel, for the EU presidency.
The law categorises different types of artificial intelligence according to risk. AI systems presenting only limited risk would be subject to very light transparency obligations, while high-risk AI systems would be authorised, but subject to a set of requirements and obligations to gain access to the EU market. AI systems such as cognitive behavioural manipulation and social scoring will be banned from the EU because their risk is deemed unacceptable. The law also prohibits the use of AI for predictive policing based on profiling and systems that use biometric data to categorise people according to specific categories such as race, religion, or sexual orientation.
The AI act also addresses the use of general-purpose AI (GPAI) models.
GPAI models not posing systemic risks will be subject to some limited requirements, for example with regard to transparency, but those with systemic risks will have to comply with stricter rules.
To ensure proper enforcement, several governing bodies are set up:
- An AI Office within the Commission to enforce the common rules across the EU
- A scientific panel of independent experts to support the enforcement activities
- An AI Board with member states’ representatives to advise and assist the Commission and member states on consistent and effective application of the AI Act
- An advisory forum for stakeholders to provide technical expertise to the AI Board and the Commission
The fines for infringements to the AI act are set as a percentage of the offending company’s global annual turnover in the previous financial year or a predetermined amount, whichever is higher. SMEs and start-ups are subject to proportional administrative fines.
Before a high-risk AI system is deployed by some entities providing public services, the fundamental rights impact will need to be assessed. The regulation also provides for increased transparency regarding the development and use of high-risk AI systems. High-risk AI systems, as well as certain users of a high-risk AI system that are public entities will need to be registered in the EU database for high-risk AI systems, and users of an emotion recognition system will have to inform natural persons when they are being exposed to such a system.
The AI act provides for an innovation-friendly legal framework and aims to promote evidence-based regulatory learning. The new law foresees that AI regulatory sandboxes, enabling a controlled environment for the development, testing and validation of innovative AI systems, should also allow for testing of innovative AI systems in real world conditions.
The legislative act will now be published in the EU’s Official Journal in the coming days and enter into force twenty days after this publication.
Artificial Intelligence Act, Text of the provisional agreement, 2 February 2024
